Competitive advantages of shadow banking industry - Free Samples

Question: Examine about the Competitive focal points ofshadowbanking industry. Answer: As indicated by the jewel model, the nature or qualities of the residential or home nation assumes a fundamental job in depicting the associations universal competitiveness(Jinabo, Zige, Yayun, 2015). The countries capacity to achieve and accomplish its strategic a worldwide level is influenced by different factors other than its creation factors. Watchmen Diamond model gives a successful path to the investigation of national seriousness. Through the watchmen jewel model surveying the worldwide achievement of the firm is conceivable based on home nation qualities. Pertinence of Porters precious stone Model in Myanmar Phone Industry: Myanmar is a less evolved nation with rich assets. Getting an away from of the command post for remote contenders is fundamental in dissecting the cell phone industry for Myanmar. The elements state of Myanmar incorporates atmosphere, regular assets and physical infrastructure(Kordalska Olczyk, 2016). Myanmar is wealthy in HR, regions and populace. It is an asset rich country however experiences rustic destitution. The nation is as yet an agro based industry however has indicated a quick increment in telecom division. Request conditions: In Myanmar portable prospects are developing more in connection with the web. The quantity of portable proprietor in Myanmar is developing consistently. The uses of cell phones are turning out to be a lot less expensive which makes it open for each and everybody(Bhawsar Chattopadhyay, 2015).Upcoming on the web business in Myanmar incorporates the App manufacturers. Legislature of Myanmar animates rules and guideline for the portable market. There consistently a communication between the size, economies of scale and transportation cost significant in Myanmar. Watchmen jewel models request condition includes factors, for example, advertise development, size, home interest and sophistication(Kerzner Kerzner, 2017). These highlights help the organizations in making upper hands. For example, the refined cell phone purchasers for the most part compel the firm to make most recent propelled items and enhance quicker than the contenders from the remote nations. An items center or major struct ure in truth mirrors the market needs of the nation of origin. The necessities for the home market additionally shape the business that is later influenced by the worldwide markets. Components Endowments: The IT workforce is developing and creating at a fast rate. Legislature of Myanmar invests nonstop and extraordinary amounts of energy in the IT approaches identified with versatile industry(Kordalska Olczyk, 2016).The climatic state of Myanmar is likewise reasonable for setting the foundation and information assets. The principal and first components of doorman precious stone model are the factor conditions. This incorporates different sorts of assets that may not be effectively accessible in the home country(Wonglimpiyarat, 2015). For example, Myanmar's physical assets, HR, capital assets, information assets and foundation. Level of Education for web innovation and versatile use is commonly high. Myanmar additionally has topographical IT points of interest The essential factors further incorporates the nation of origin regular assets like, minerals, atmosphere and minerals, where the components portability is least. These variables create ground for seriousness in the universal mar ket. This essential factor can never truly transform into genuine worth creation without the help of cutting edge factors. The propelled factors then again are exceptionally refined in nature, for example, research abilities and human asset aptitudes. Upheld and related industry In the current situation, India is driving in the up and coming microchip advertise. Myanmar and India are the exchanging accomplices and India encourages different points of interest to Myanmar. The administration of Myanmar is attempting and wanting to put resources into IT advancement and portable exploration improvement. Myanmar is likewise as of late a main organization in all the IT and portable related creation. The achievement of the versatile business relies for the most part upon its providers and the related enterprises inside the locale. The serious providers in the portable business or versatile industry strengthen internationalization and innovation(Slvell, 2015). Other than the providers in Myanmars versatile industry the related organizations like Ooredoo and Telenor. In the event that the association is effective, it could be helpful for both the supporting promotion related organizations. The cell phone organizations can be profited by the related business know-how. This could be energized through creating corresponding items. The supporting and related enterprises could produce inputs that are imperative for internationalization and development. These businesses encourage practical strategies and furthermore help in the updating procedure. This further animates other firm in the comparative section to advance. Also, the accomplishment of a firm is connected with its present providers and supporting enterprises inside the specific district. For instance, the global intensity of the Myanmar portable industry could be effectively clarified by the high focal point of the versatile business identified with this fragment. Firms methodology and creation: Myanmar has upper hand in regard to its low work expenses and wealth of crude materials. Larger part of outside nations are presently moving their tasks in Myanmar. The cell phone industry of Myanmar adventures with high IT innovation firms. It focuses on the specialty advertise through progress of portable innovation and consistent turn of events. Through, doormen jewel model an association can recognize all the variables that are required to fabricate rivalry at national level. Subsequently, this model is regularly applied during internationalization efforts(Acs, Audretsch, Lehmann, Licht, 2016). All the variables are huge for the intensity of the portable business in Myanmar regarding its universal rivals. An association will have the option to define its business key objective on thinking about these elements. The factor is identified with the procedure in which association is overseen and sorted out. The countrys social angles assume a crucial job in this component. This spotlig hts available state of portable industry predominant in the Myanmars showcase. The working condition, associations and confidence between the associations are formed diversely in the different nations. Doormen precious stone model this component for the most part remembers the ways for which an organization oversees and arranges itself. The companys idea of contention and goals in the home market. The procedures wherein a firm define objectives, builds up itself and is overseen is vital for its achievement in the worldwide market. In spite of the fact that the nearness of furious rivalry in the market from the adversary ventures makes pressure. This powers the organizations to advance and make new items and administrations with the goal that it can update and keep up its seriousness. Steady weight because of the current rivalry encourages them in creating serious items and offering them at adaptable costs to remain serious in by and large market. Government: The administration of Myanmar assumes an essential job in empowering and elevating the improvement of organizations and ventures both at abroad and home. The administration of Myanmar is advancing the cell phone industry by propelling new plans and telephone plans. Additionally, Myanmars government urges the association to utilize elective natural framework or elective vitality that would make positive effect on creation. The legislature of Myanmar likewise gives budgetary endowments and giving appropriations. The legislature of Myanmar has as of late affirmed FDI in single also multiband on indicated rules and guidelines. This approach has subsequently guaranteed different remote retailers to go into Myanmar by means of direct speculation courses. The administration of a nation emphatically influences the organizations global seriousness. Also, it can influence the other five components of the Porter Diamond model. Fares of the nation is either elevated or prevented because of its a dministration rules and guidelines. It can make a significant effect on the gracefully procedures or state of their principle creation factors. Besides, it can shape the opposition between different firms and shape the conditions for request in the home market. These mediations can happen at nearby, residential, national and even worldwide level (Riasi, 2015). Chances occasions: The last and last component of the Porters jewel model incorporates possibility. Chance is every one of those irregular occasions that are past the hierarchical control. It could end up being extremely imperative for the global seriousness. In most economic situation, chances assume an essential job in the business condition (Byun, Lee, Kim, 2016). This encourages new open doors for the organizations to create inventive items and administrations. Myanmar is as of late known as the fourth most quickest developing portable industry on the planet. In the current situation, a great many portable supporter is from Myanmar. Myanmar has as of now thought around 36 million phones endorsers and 5 million ascents was simply in last quarter. Myanmar is in the fourth situation of versatile clients simply trailing behind its mammoth neighbors China and India. The United States is driving with the augmentation of 6 million endorsers a year ago. The discontinuities produced by chance can prompts be valuable for some organization on a similar way can have drawbacks for different firms. A few organizations may increase upper hands while other may lose. In the course of recent years Myanmar versatile industry has shifted significantly. The business has empowered a huge number of individuals to remain associated and the countries versatile endorser rate has soar. Prior the versatile area has been worked for a very long while under restraining infrastructure constrained by the state-claimed compulsory Myanmar Posts and Mobile industrys (MPT). The current situation is unique; the versatile supporters

How did Hitler come into Power essays

How did Hitler come into Power expositions A polarity is a division of two substances into totally unrelated or opposing gatherings. In Viva Zapata, it was referenced that its not the laws that administer men, however men that oversee men. There is no polarity present here in light of the fact that the two arent fundamentally unrelated by any means. A nation is just as solid as the individuals who lead it, and the laws that oversee it. Without solid and authorized laws, man wouldnt have power. What's more, without man, the laws wouldnt have power. In any case, the individuals oversee the land, and they are by a wide margin more remarkable than the laws. They can make and crush laws. They are the ones who authorize the laws. Individuals dont live their lives by the expression of the law, however by the desire of the individuals who make and implement it. At the point when the Weimar constitution was ordered, there were a few imperfections. These imperfections in the end prompted the ascent of Hitler, and the defeat of Germany. After World War II, the constitutions of West Germany, and France were progressively fruitful. They had solid focuses and considered stable governments The Weimar constitution was composed under the direction of Max Weber. He was a communist, and attempted to give the constitution the entirety of the best parts of the American constitution(*1). In the Weimar constitution, the president wasnt named as the leader of the government(*2). This assignment was given to the chancellor, who was a gathering part. Since the German government was in its earliest stages, and frequently stopped, parliament didnt meet that regularly (*3). Weber had gotten ready for this, and under Article 48, the president had crisis powers when parliament was not in meeting. These forces additionally ended up becoming effective at whatever point parliament was stopped. A portion of these forces remembered for Article 48 were impermanent domineering forces, resistance serve or the head of the military. The president reserved the privilege to meddle with the enactment of parliament, and excuse the chancellor (*4). There were a fe... <!

The Essay Topic About Love

The Essay Topic About LoveThe best essay topics are the ones that inspire and compel. We need to be able to discuss the things that make our characters tick; some people may do things just because they are passionate about it, but our characters, by their very nature, have to do things because they have to.Most of us, at some point in time, will have to perform some sort of 'moral' - and if we want to be honest with ourselves, most of us will never actually get to perform 'Othello'. This is why we need to be able to write some truly great essays, for Othello will always be there, in his tomb, looking down on us, for all time to come. So what does he say, in Othello, about fidelity?He says that you should not be so eager for love, so soon after the tragic death of his wife; the play has to build towards something. Without that foundation, there is no dramatic tension, and without that tension, there is no real drama. By building towards something, the essay is not just bringing closur e to the character's story, but the character's story is about things we cannot necessarily know.When it comes to essay topics on Shakespeare, we are all familiar with Romeo and Juliet and The Taming of the Shrew. However, there are many other great essays out there that people have tried to write about. We know that we should write about the themes of love and the meaning of life, but what should we write about when we have a personal story to tell? Let's take a look at one of the great examples of essay topics written by somebody with an interest in love and morality, and who also happens to be a big fan of Shakespeare.'My essay topics about love are about things I think about every day: how to be faithful, the value of honesty, how to be truly loyal to a friend or loved one, and the different ways to make a lasting impression on someone. My essays also show how different people view the world in different ways and why. Essays like these make me happy to read.'It's important to un derstand that every single piece of information the reader is given is in relation to another piece of information the reader needs to gather, and then gather more information about. As this piece of information is presented, that piece of information is acquired. Of course, we need to know that this could be tedious and tiring at times, but the effect of the knowledge we have acquired is that we can live by the code of trustworthiness, honesty, loyalty, and so on. The more we read through these essays, the better we will get at reading between the lines.In one of the great Othello essays, Mary Read explains how that Othello refuses to take sides, and that Othello realizes the impact his words have on others. It's easy to see how this is a great piece of information for someone trying to research an essay topic. Although the ending to the story is predictable, and the death of Othello is devastating, we can appreciate the quiet, ethereal courage of the man.When we read through these essays, and pay attention to the scene where Othello kills Desdemona, we can appreciate the effect it has on Desdemona and realize that her chances of returning to her husband would be nearly impossible. This, of course, is where the power of fiction comes into play, and we can understand the force of fiction as the tool for some individuals to gain new understanding, in the face of a senseless tragedy.

Charles Wright Mills And The American Sociological Review...

C.Wright Mills or Charles Wright Mills was born on August 28, 1916 in Texas. He attended the University of Texas where he got his bachelor s degree in 1939. Before even graduating, Mills had already been published in the two leading sociology journals in the United States, the American Journal of Sociology and the American Sociological Review. After his bachelors degree, he pursued his Ph.D at the University of Wisconsin in 1941. During his time in Wisconsin, he met his wife, Dorothy Helen Smith. While he went to school, Dorothy worked and supported the two of them until he obtained his Ph D. During his years at Wisconsin, Mills began contributing well known â€Å"journals of sociology† and opinionated pieces to intellectual journals such as The New Republic, The New Leader and Politics. After obtaining his Ph.D, Mills became a professor of sociology at The University of Maryland, College Park until he began teaching at Columbia. A year after obtaining his job he became assi stant professor in the university’s sociology department. Mills teached there until his time of death in 1962. For my first analytical paper, I will be writing about â€Å"The Promise† by C. Wright Mills. The reading that was provided is the first chapter of The Social Imagination. I chose to write about C. Wright Mills because in the past sociology classes I have read about him. Also, the whole â€Å"social imagination† theory really caught my attention. In this paper I will be discussing the main argumentShow MoreRelatedProfessional Student4171 Words   |  17 Pagesthese Answer: D 3. The awareness that allows people to comprehend the link between their immediate, personal social settings and the remote, impersonal social world is called A. the sociological imagination. B. anthropology. C. a theory. D. verstehen. Answer: A 4. A key element in the sociological imagination is the ability to view one’s own society A. from the perspective of personal experience. B. from the perspective of cultural biases. C. as an outsider. D. as an insider. Answer:Read MoreAlternative Learning Systems9735 Words   |  39 PagesArticles Sociology of the Prison Classroom: Marginalized Identities and Sociological Imaginations behind Bars Teaching Sociology 39(2) 165–178 Ó American Sociological Association 2011 DOI: 10.1177/0092055X11400440 http://ts.sagepub.com Kylie L. Parrotta1 and Gretchen H. Thompson1 Abstract The authors use sociology of the college classroom to analyze their experiences as feminists teaching sociology courses in the ‘‘unconventional setting’’ of prison. Reflective writing was used to chronicle experiencesRead MoreC Wright Mills : An American Sociologist2738 Words   |  11 PagesQ15) Answer, C Wright Mills R-4 Def.- Charles Wright Mills was an American sociologist, and a teacher of sociology at Columbia University from 1946 until 1962 which is when he died. Mills was made widely in popular journals, and is remembered for some books that he had written, among them The Power Elite, which introduced that term and describes the relationships and alliances among the U.S. political, military, and economic people. He was the one of the major contributors for the subject of sociologyRead MoreInstitutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony9428 Words   |  38 PagesInstitutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as My th and Ceremony Author(s): John W. Meyer and Brian Rowan Reviewed work(s): Source: American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 83, No. 2 (Sep., 1977), pp. 340-363 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2778293 . Accessed: 25/01/2012 14:10 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR isRead MoreChristian Ethics in a Postmodern World Essay example6531 Words   |  27 PagesCHRISTIAN ETHICS IN A POSTMODERN WORLD The Rise of Postmodernity Since Federico de Onis’s use of the term ‘postmodernismo’ to describe the Spanish and Latin-American poetry of 1905-1914 which had reacted against the ‘excess’ of modernism in 1934, (Rose 1991: 171) â€Å"Postmodernism† became very popular. It has been used in the fields of art (Christo-Bakargiev 1987), architecture (Pevsner 1967), literature (Hassan 1971), video, economics, films (James 1991), ideology (Larrain 1994: 90-118), theologyRead MoreThe Role of the Death Penalty on Preventing Future Crime Essay8133 Words   |  33 Pagesand without error. The U.S. Supreme Court recognizes this requirement. It demands special trial procedures such as a two-stage trial that separates questions of guilt from questions of penalty. Similarly, it requires opportunity for appeal and review of decisions in cases involving the death penalty. Can the death penalty be accurately applied? Few argue that the death penalty is worth the risk of executing innocent people. Many argue, however, that chances of error are minimal because ofRead MoreExploring Structural Change in Uk Economy and Labour Market Inequality in London6203 Words   |  25 Pagesflexible firm originally proposed by Atkinson (1984) is outlined in Appendix Figure 1. This has created increased demand for part time, temporary and contractual work, met through the increased participation of women (Economic and Labour Market Review 2007), the self employed and agency workers (Marchington, M. and Wilkinson, D. 2012). Blair led a move away from what had become an adversarial relationship with Trade Unions under the Thatcher regime and created the partnership agreement, stillRead MoreThe Role of Strategic Groups in Understanding Strategic Human Resource Management15467 Words   |  62 PagesInternational business Paper type Research paper The authors would like to express their thanks to the organisations who participated in the research and the reviewers and Editors who provided insightful and excellent feedback on early drafts. Personnel Review Vol. 41 No. 4, 2012 pp. 513-546 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0048-3486 DOI 10.1108/00483481211229401 PR 41,4 514 Introduction Most developments in strategic human resource management (SHRM) and international human resource managementRead MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesIntroduction to Mechanical Engineering, 3rd Edition _ Jonathan Wickert, Kemper Lewis (SM) An Introduction to Physical Science, 13th Edition _James T. Shipman, Jerry D. Wilson, Charles A. Higgins, Jr (IM+TB+IM for Lab Manual) An Introduction to Programming With C++, 6th Edition_Diane Zak (Solution files+Answer to Review Questions+IM) An Invitation to Social Research How Its Done, 4th Edition _ Emily Stier Adler, Roger Clark (IM) An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design, 3rdRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesa core module. Typically the audience would be students in Business Schools but could also be students in Departments of Sociology, Schools of Education and so on. The learning needs of these students is for a book that reflects the best of Anglo-American, European and other thinking on organization theory in a manner that shows that different sorts of theory are relevant and can be made interesting for an understanding of the organizational world. . Preface xv Distinctive features

Free Online Public Schools for California Students

California offers resident students the opportunity to take online public school courses for free. Below is a list of no-cost online schools currently serving elementary and high school students in California. In order to qualify for the list, schools must meet the following qualifications: classes must be available completely online, they must offer services to state residents, and they must be funded by the government. Virtual schools listed may be charter schools, state-wide public programs, or private programs that receive government funding. List of California Online Charter Schools and Online Public Schools California Virtual AcademiesChoice 2000Insight School of California - Los AngelesPacific View Charter School - Serving San Diego, Riverside, Orange, and Imperial Counties About Online Charter Schools and Online Public Schools Many states now offer tuition-free online schools for resident students under a certain age (often 21). Most virtual schools are charter schools; they receive government funding and are run by a private organization. Online charter schools are subject to fewer restrictions than traditional schools. However, they are reviewed regularly and must continue to meet state standards. Some states also offer their own online public schools. These virtual programs generally operate from a state office or a school district. State-wide public school programs vary. Some online public schools offer a limited number of remedial or advanced courses not available in brick-and-mortar public school campuses. Others offer full online diploma programs. A few states choose to fund â€Å"seats† for students in private online schools. The number of available seats may be limited and students are usually asked to apply through their public school guidance counselor. Choosing a California Online Public School When choosing an online public school, look for an established program that is regionally accredited and has a track record of success. Be wary of new schools that are disorganized, are unaccredited, or have been the subject of public scrutiny. For more suggestions on evaluating virtual schools see  how to choose an online high school.

Medias Influence on Adolescent Girls Body Image, Identity...

Medias Influence on Adolescent Girls Body Image, Identity and Sexuality Missing Sources Cited nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gender Identity begins in early childhood when roles are given to children as to which toys they should play or not play with. A child’s body image is influenced by how people around her react to her body and how she looks. A pre-adolescent becomes more aware of what society’s standards are for the ideal body. The media has always had images of what the ideal woman should be. As in the way she should look and the way she acts. The media today does and doesn’t always depict what is good for an adolescent or pre-adolescent to believe about themselves. There are also many good influences from the media. Role models such†¦show more content†¦It’s almost impossible to ignore the many images of thin beautiful women. When turning the pages of a popular magazine, women are being invited by the ads and spreads to look a certain way, thin. What girls don’t see is that the average size of women today is a size 16 not a 6. Mode ls look beautiful for a reason. They have hair stylists, makeup artists, wardrobe people, and skin care specialists to make them look that way. Besides that they have the best photographers in the world. Beauty and fashion ads don’t just sell a product they sell a lifestyle. Many adolescents can be influenced to have a positive body image despite all of the negative media influences. Many magazines designed especially for adolescent girls, such as American Girl, focus on positive outlooks on the young girl’s lifestyle. American Girl Magazine says â€Å"Girls in this age group are more curious about the world than ever before. They’re beginning to consider the impact they can have on the people around them, on the environment, and on their future. All the while, they’re undergoing profound biological changes. Adolescent girls are entering one of the most challenging and complex phases of her life so far. Our advice titles include expert guidance on seriou s topics, such as The Care amp; Keeping of You and Staying Home Alone. In its eleventhShow MoreRelatedCommunication Between African American Mothers and Their Daughters1740 Words   |  7 Pagesand comprehending each other intended message. According to Belgrave (2009), majority of girls report positive relationships with their mothers. Most girls learn from their mothers. This is because mothers teach and socialize with their daughters regarding any facet of her life, including behaving like a female, being a mother, caring for others. More importantly, mothers teach their daughters about sexuality and health (Tamis-Lemonda, Briggs, McClowry, Snow, 2009). Mothers also teach their daughtersRead MoreThe Documentaries Killing Us Softly 4 Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pagesin mind, media, particularly the music video and advertisement industry, are essential parts of contemporary socialization, especially involving the perpetuation of gender roles in our culture. At a very young age, ch ildren learn, without difficulty, the differences between boys and girls, and what standards they are held to. Women are often objectified, systematically demoralized, and dehumanized in the music video industry and mainstream advertisement. External forces, such as the media, not onlyRead MoreSocial Media s Influence On Gendered Adolescents1506 Words   |  7 Pagesacross the 4 dimensions we have discovered and made the relation on how social media establishes such a significant influence on gendered adolescents. Teens rely heavily on social media in regards to establishing appropriate gendered behaviour. The consequence of this is media withholds a heteronormativity notion, which implies any romantic relationships consisting of opposite sexes are seen as abnormal. Therefore, social media exposes heavily of society’s norms and anything aside from what’s expectedRead MoreMedia s Growing Sexualization Of Women1402 Words   |  6 PagesIf you turn on the television or flip through a fashion magazine, it is very likely you will presented with many displays of hypersexualization of girls and women in advertising images and in media. There are many components to sexualization. It occurs, according to the American Psychological Association, when â€Å"a person’s value comes only from his or her sexual appeal or behavior, to the exclusion of other characteristics.† This person is held to a standard that equates physical attractiveness withRead MoreImpact of Media on Teenagers3405 Words   |  14 Pagestelevision, radio, print and the Internet influence teenage attitudes, self-image and behaviors. Negative effects of media emphasis on thinness. Relationship between media self-esteem. How film, TV music affirm the validity of sexual activity for teens; alcohol use. Aggression violence. Paper Introduction: The Effect of Media on Teenagers The media exerts an enormous, almost a normative influence, over the lives of men, women, adolescents and children. It influences, particularly among teenagers, theRead MoreEffects of Media on Women and Children2408 Words   |  10 PagesThe Effect of the Media on Women and Girls Mass media creates unrealistic, unhealthy portrayals of female sexuality, sexual health, and shows unnecessary female sexuality and nudity on an immense level. The average woman is misrepresented in the media; this is unhealthy for many women and girls. Studies show viewing sexually objectifying material contributes to eating disorders, low self-esteem, depression and body dissatisfaction. In a 1992 study of female students at Stanford University, 70%Read MoreThe Study Of Body Image1572 Words   |  7 PagesThe study of body image is a broad topic that touches many subjects including gender. However, the study of body image has been focused mainly on females. This is because the physical shape and image of male bodies have not changed over the history. From the ancient Greek until the modern era, the masculinity is the predominant stereotype for men. Masculine traits include courage, independence and assertiveness (Judith, 2001; Murray, 2000). In contrast to the male body, the female figures have beenRead MoreEssay about Todays Adolescents: A Look at Sexual Development4190 Words   |  17 PagesToday’s Adolescent: a look at Sexual Development Puberty What role does early puberty play in sex? As childhood slowly fades away and the signs of puberty becomes apparent on the young adolescent body. During puberty the body undergoes many physical changes that seemingly just appear. For girls in the early years of adolescence may not see any secondary changes in their appearance however their ovaries began to grow. In recent years girls have been experiencing puberty at early periods ratherRead MoreSexual education programmes within school based learning have long been cause for controversy,1600 Words   |  7 Pagesparticularly in reference to which approach should be taken, what topics should be raised and at what age children should be begin to learn about sexual development and sexuality. Previously, sex education has focused on the biological development of humans however in recent years programs have shifted towards integration of sexuality and sexual health promotion in response to sexual development within children and the chan ging values of society. Sex education curriculum has often been the subject ofRead MoreAdolescent Stages of Development1500 Words   |  6 PagesAdolescent Stages of Development Adolescence is probably the most difficult period in life of every individual since it is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. In this period adolescents undergo significant changes in physiological, psychological and social aspects. Naturally, these changes produce a significant impact on their lifestyle, behaviour, psychology, etc. Traditionally, adolescence is considered to start at preteens, mostly from around 9-10 years of age till 19-20 years

Essay Football vs Rugby free essay sample

When I was a senior in high school, I played on my school’s rugby team. It was really excite and funny while I played almost all weekend even though it is not popular in Colombia. But then when I came to the United States, it catch my attention that everybody likes and watches Football and it made me contrast these two aggressive sports Rugby and Football. These two sports are almost the same, for example the object of both games is score points by carrying the ball beyond the possessive touchline and the ball has a prolonged spheroid shape. Even though they are similar in some aspects, the first big difference is related with the source. Rugby proceeds from England and Football from the USA. Because of their foundation, many small differences have been created that show the importance of the characteristics of the society and their impact on sports. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Football vs Rugby or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page First started with Football, this sport was created in the United State, which impacted the characteristics of the game. The major league of this sport is called the National Football League (NFL), and the major tournament is the Super Bowl. The rules of the game are; the game is formed by four 15-minute quarters with a half-time intermission, which shows that in the American mindset, it is better a lot of short times than a few very long halves. The field must had 120 yards long by 53. 3 yards wide, based on the measuring system used there. The ball is a prolonged spheroid, which is about 11 inches long and 22 inches in circumference and it, weight around 0. 875 lbs, to make the balloon aerodynamic so that it can travel longs distances. Each competitor must use helmets and padding during the game. The name of the things change, for example when you made a goal in Rugby it is called Try and in Football, touch down. Showing that the team can make unlimited substitution in each game but always having 11 players on the field, showing that in America the people believe that when anything stop working a hundred percent, it must be replaced by new ones One of the huge differences between Rugby and Football is that the number of substitutions that can be done by the coach in each game thanks to English cultural influence is 7. The other high-contact sport is Rugby, which was created in England. The major Tournament is the World Cup (Rugby Union) and the most known League is the Super 15; but there are a lot of leagues all over the world, among them are Aviva Prem, top 14, and in an international level NSW suburb rugby; Showing that the people play this sport all over the world not like Football, which is played only in a part of North America. The rules of this sport state that the ball must have the international 5 size, that means 27 cm long and 60 cm in circumference with a weigh around 1lb. The fields have 120 meters long by 70 meters wide according to the metric system. On the field there must be situated only 15 players. They play two halves of 40 minutes with a ten-minute half time. The additional difference is the size of the player, as they don’t use helmets or any other equipment except a mouth guard. They have wider backs, being the thinnest player just 81kg and the heaviest 201. 7kg. The name of a goal is Trying and after made a point one player kicks the ball between the goal posts to win more points. After seeing the specific characteristic of both sport and the reason why they have these differences, to summarize, Rugby and American Football are two sports with intense physical aggression and the same goal: carrying the ball beyond the opponents touch line and kicking the ball between the goal post after they make the point. Even though they are parallel in some aspects; there are differences based on the source, such as the size of the ball, the field and the players, the length of the game and the number of substitutions permitted per team. In my personal experience, the place where the sport is created has a huge relation with the characteristics of the game. Because for example as football was created in the US the people over there like it because it is according to their characteristics; however, in the opposite side if a sport was created in a different country and the people want to play it, they will face some things can be consider whether not loved and strange, since recreation with Rugby in Colombia is not popular.

Their Eyes Were Watching God Quotes

'Their Eyes Were Watching God' Quotes Their Eyes Were Watching God is a novel by Zora Neale Hurston. Its the story of Janie Crawford, who returns home and tells the story of the last 20 years. Quotes From the Novel These sitters had been tongueless, earless, eyeless conveniences all day long. Mules and other brutes had occupied their skins. But now, the sun and the bossman were gone, so the skins felt powerful and human. They became lords of sounds and lesser things. They passed nations through their mouths. They sat in judgment.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 1Janie saw her life like a great tree in leaf with the things suffered, things enjoyed, things done and undone. Dawn and doom was in the branches.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 2You know, honey, us colored folks is branches without roots and that makes things come round in queer ways. You in particular. Ah was born back due in slavery so it wasnt for me to fulfill my dreams of whut a woman oughta be and to do.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 2Ah wanted to preach a great sermon about colored women sittin on high, but they wasnt no pulpit for me.- Zora Neale Hurston, Th eir Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 2 Ah wants things sweet wid mah marriage lak when you sit under a pear tree and think. Ah.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 3Janie pulled back a long time because he did not represent sun-up and pollen and blooming trees, but he spoke for far horizon. He spoke for change and chance.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 4Thank yuh fuh yo compliments, but mah wife dont know nothin bout no speech- makin.. Ah never married her for nothin lak dat. Shes uh woman and her place is in de home.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 5Take for instance that new house of his. It had two stories with porches, with bannisters and such things. The rest of the town looked like servants quarters surrounding the big house. And different from everybody else in the town he put off moving in until it had been painted, in and out. And look at the way he painted it- a gloaty, sparkly white.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 5 Janie loved the conversation and sometimes she thought up good stories on the mule, but Joe had forbidden her to indulge. He didnt want her talking after such trashy people.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 6Somebody got to think for women and chillun and chickens and cows. I god, they sho dont think none theirselves.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 6Janie did what she had never done before, that is, thrust herself into the conversation.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 6When you pull down yo britches, you look lak de change uh life.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 7It was so crazy digging worms by lamp light and setting out for Lake Sabelia after midnight that she felt like a child breaking rules. Thats what made Janie like it.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 11He could be a bee to a blossom- a pear tree blossom in the spring. He seemed to be crushing scent out of the wor ld with his footsteps. Crushing aromatic herbs with every step he took. Spices hung about him. He was a glance from God.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 11 Before the week was over he had whipped Janie. Not because her behavior justified his jealousy, but it relieved that awful fear inside him. Being able to whip her reassured him in possession. No brutal beating at all. He just slapped her around a bit to show he was boss.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 17They huddled closer and stared at the door. They just didnt use another part of their bodies, and they didnt look at anything but the door. The time was past for asking the white folks what to look for through that door. Six eyes were questioning God.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 18Once upon uh time, Ah never spected nothin, Tea Cake, but bein dead from standin still and tryin tuh laugh. But you come long and made somethin outa me. So Ahm thankful fuh anything we come through together.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 18Janie held his head tightly to her breast and wept and thanked him wordlessly for giving her th e chance for loving service. She had to hug him tight for soon he would be gone, and she had to tell him for the last time. Then the grief of outer darkness descended.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 19 So Ahm back home agin and Ahm satisfied tuh be heah. Ah done been tuh de horizon and back and now Ah kin set heah in mah house and live by comparisons.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 20Here was peace. She pulled in her horizon like a great fish-net. Pulled it from around the waist of the world and draped it over her shoulder. So much of life in its meshes! She called in her soul to come and see.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 20

Free Essays on Well Of Loneliness

Leslie Feinberg once said, â€Å"More exists among human beings than can be answered by the simplistic question I’m hit with everyday of my life: ‘are you a man or a woman?’† Our society has yet to develop a term for a gender that is neither male nor female, a person whose characteristics are neither masculine nor feminine. Often times it is the case that if a woman does not appear feminine she is perceived as masculine. In The Well of Loneliness, by Radclyffe Hall a story of character unravels in which one female sexed person lives in a society where she feels that she is not accepted for who she is. Hall develops this sensitive lesbian and as the story unravels the reader is invited to look closer into the soul of this character and what being a lesbian entails to her. From the beginning of Stephen’s life there was something different about her. She resembled her father Sir Phillip almost uncannily, which made her mother uneasy. She played rough with her father, riding on his back as if he were a bucking bronco. In Hall’s description of Stephen’s early adolescence, she is supporting a view point that a lesbian is born intrinsically gay. In the ongoing debate of nature or nurture it seems that Hall believes that it is predetermined at birth what one’s sexual orientation will be. To further strengthen this belief, Stephen’s first crush is on a female housekeeper. When Stephen is only five years old she develops what can only be understood as a crush on Collins and does everything in her power to be near her. At the same time that this crush is developing Stephen has taken toward dressing us as a young boy. When dressed as â€Å"Nelson† she realized how much more comfortable she was as this boy. At age seven she asked her father â€Å"Do you think that I could be a man, supposing I thought very hard-or prayed, Father?† (Well of Loneliness p. 26) This was only the start of a heartbreaking struggle for Stephen to discover h... Free Essays on Well Of Loneliness Free Essays on Well Of Loneliness Leslie Feinberg once said, â€Å"More exists among human beings than can be answered by the simplistic question I’m hit with everyday of my life: ‘are you a man or a woman?’† Our society has yet to develop a term for a gender that is neither male nor female, a person whose characteristics are neither masculine nor feminine. Often times it is the case that if a woman does not appear feminine she is perceived as masculine. In The Well of Loneliness, by Radclyffe Hall a story of character unravels in which one female sexed person lives in a society where she feels that she is not accepted for who she is. Hall develops this sensitive lesbian and as the story unravels the reader is invited to look closer into the soul of this character and what being a lesbian entails to her. From the beginning of Stephen’s life there was something different about her. She resembled her father Sir Phillip almost uncannily, which made her mother uneasy. She played rough with her father, riding on his back as if he were a bucking bronco. In Hall’s description of Stephen’s early adolescence, she is supporting a view point that a lesbian is born intrinsically gay. In the ongoing debate of nature or nurture it seems that Hall believes that it is predetermined at birth what one’s sexual orientation will be. To further strengthen this belief, Stephen’s first crush is on a female housekeeper. When Stephen is only five years old she develops what can only be understood as a crush on Collins and does everything in her power to be near her. At the same time that this crush is developing Stephen has taken toward dressing us as a young boy. When dressed as â€Å"Nelson† she realized how much more comfortable she was as this boy. At age seven she asked her father â€Å"Do you think that I could be a man, supposing I thought very hard-or prayed, Father?† (Well of Loneliness p. 26) This was only the start of a heartbreaking struggle for Stephen to discover h...

Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Nursing - Assignment Example Mandatory genetic screening already in place has been characterized by several human risks. In this regard, if everyone was required to have a complete genetic screening, there are legal and ethical issues to consider. On ethical basis, genetic screening should be undertaken on voluntary basis. Making the screening mandatory is a positive move for the health sector. However, personal consent to such procedures is important. As much as health experts pursue beneficial health measures for the society, it is up to the society to decide what to take and what to leave. Specifically, personal choice should be respected. Individual choices in matters pertaining to child-rearing can be greatly influenced by making genetic screening compulsory to everyone. Respect for individual choice is lost in the process. On the same note, intense public education is required to create awareness for the purposes of compulsory screening. This however does not imply fully compliance because forced screening will interfere with personal choice and constitute uninformed decision making across everyone involved. Legal issues have also emerged in this context. Legal liability in the context of malpractice litigation seems to be headed for the climax with the adoption of forced genetic screening on everyone (Fletcher, 2001). The observed scenario likely fosters high quality medical care and implies a disappointment free health care to both patients and health practitioners. Such a program requires proper legal frameworks in order to be rendered fully operational. On the same note, the program should fully outline and describe procedure for informed consent. Given this factor, the legal process is likely to be challenged because not all patients are likely to consent to the program. The information that the forced screening would gather is critical to the society. The health sector can assign specific departments to handle the information

Great Works of Western Philosophy pre-final paper Essay

Great Works of Western Philosophy pre-final paper - Essay Example The theory of recollection is also discussed in this dialogue along with the Socratic philosophy on the immortality of the soul. Socrates offers four arguments to explain the immortality of the soul: Considered to be one of the earliest dialogues, Plato’s Euthyphro provides Socrates’ argumentation on the notion of piety. Socrates uses analogical arguments to explain the meaning of piety. In order to understand what is piety, it is important to analyze logically the difference between good and bad, just and unjust, beautiful and ugly. In other words, piety is not about religious reverence. Socrates insists on careful reasoning to be considered as the main motivating factor of intellectual independence. While defining the parameters of piety, the concept of morality is also discussed at length. Morality is about individual choices and practices. That means there can be no goodness or badness in the abstract. Because, the definition of goodness or badness can differ from person to person, society to society. The relativist argument explains that a true definition of morality includes the very essence of the term because its notion differs from people to people. Theref ore, a universally accepted definition of morality will encompass all the essential characteristics possessed by it. Perceived in the same light, the concept of piety also cannot be an abstract idea. The notion can be defined universally only when it encompasses all the essential qualities of the term. Aristotle’s philosophical theories are most importantly derived from his Metaphysics. Here, Aristotle addresses various primary philosophical ideas in different books named by Greek letters such as Alpha or A (Book 1), little alpha or ï  ¡ (Book 2) and so on. Aristotle contemplates that the highest form of knowledge is wisdom, the knowledge of causes and principles. His logical theory distinguishes between homonymous (multiple unrelated meanings), synonymous (several related meanings)

George Washingtons Advice to the American People Essay Example for Free

George Washingtons Advice to the American People Essay George Washington’s farewell letter, it is almost impossible for me to choose his most important piece of advice. His points seem almost haunting while reading them with our country in its present condition. Washington had such foresight and wisdom. The sad reality is that we as a country have so strayed from his advice. He made multiple points that I think are vastly important. Washington warned against political parties. He pointed out that they only cause disagreements and disunity among the people. Instead of Americans being one unified people, we have become defined by our political party. Republicans and democrats are in constant struggle over views and agendas. Washington warned us to flee from these and hold fast to unity. Washington also emphasized the importance of religion and morality. He held tightly to the belief that a person’s spiritual life had effects on one’s decisions in everyday life. With morality as the heart of an issue, people are more likely to treat each other fairly and be unified in spirit. One of the most outstanding pieces of advice from our first president sends chills down my spine. Washington encouraged sparing use of credit. He did not believe we as a nation should be in debt to anyone, which is also Biblical. He warned us to take heed of falling into debt. This is great advice that has so obviously been forgotten it is maddening. Our country is currently 16 trillion dollars in debt. We spend more than we take in, and we are putting our future in the hands of government of foreign lands. This reality speaks wholeheartedly to Washington’s next piece of advice. The last two pieces of advice I believe go hand in hand. Washington spelled out plainly that we did not want to be overly involved with other nations; in fact, he discouraged permanent alliances with any foreign nation. By doing so, we put our national security at possible risk. In regards to national security, Washington believed that we should have a strong military force. Being in the military, Washington understood to need for men purposed to fight for our freedom. This is yet another issue we face today with our current president wishing to downsize our military. I truly believe if we will begin to follow Washington’s advice, at least in part, we can improve the future of our country. Lastly, I believe Washington encouraged unity in almost every point he made. He was passionate for our country, for our freedom, for our future. In his farewell address he stated that at the mere thought of the honor and privilege of being an American, the spirit of patriotism should unite us all to action. The pride of being an American should link us like no other nation before or since.

Introducing New Software and Hardware :: Sales Consumerism Technology Essays

Introducing New Software and Hardware ICT Coursework-Spreadsheet Identify: Mr Smith, who is the owner of JC SPORTS, has discovered three main problems with his shop's basketball sales, these were due to: 1. The old-fashioned manual systems in his company. (Manual system). 2. The lack of interest for the latest new products on the market. (Marketing system). 3. The lack of a new hardware & software systems. (Computer system). Surprisingly, because of poor product handling, out of all the sales in his sports and design shop, the amount of basketball sports goods sold dropped massively over the past six months. At the time, I happened to assist Mr Smith as he was recording down his sales. Mr Smith was not very clever when it came to using computers. He needed a quite a lot of helping out. Due to the fact that I was one of his best customers, Mr Smith then showed me his most baffling results that he recently found out. The problem was that Mr Smith was pretty old fashioned and used the ancient, long gone manual technology like the typewriter to sort out his business instead of using the modern day computer software and technology such as the word processor and the spreadsheet. Since I was compiling this project, I offered to help him solve this very problem by myself doing a series of analysis on the sales, marketing and systems later on in that very same week. It was a challenge. Mr Smith was very much obliged and gave me his sales report immediately. I also advised him to shape up and use the latest up-to-date, business & industrial technology around him and not use his very old, former technology. Later on at home, as I assessed the report, I took into consideration any possible alternative solutions and objectives of the following concerning a sales analysis, marketing analysis and a system analysis. These were ========== 1. Write a questionnaire: Write questionnaire in Microsoft Word. (For the customers- Customers will fill it in) 2. Do a survey: Plot survey results in Microsoft PowerPoint. (For the customers- Questionnaires will be sent out to customers as part of survey) 3. Enter all information and data into both Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel. 4. Cut down prices: this will help by attracting customers who would like to buy the product at an affordable price. 5. Include deals: this is making special offers to customers that they will find hard to resist. 6. Advertise: this will help more and more people, customers and business associates know more about the product. 7. Introduce new appropriate hardware and software. Analyse: Continuing assessing my project, I conducted a feasibility study on

Importance of Sex Education in School

Many parents are against sex education being taught within the schools. Sex is a very sensitive subject. Many parents feel that it is not appropriate to teach children these  ¡Ã‚ §facts of life ¡ at such a young age. Shouldn ¡t one wait for marriage to learn about these things any way? The overwhelming fact is that a growing number of teens especially are thinking about and even having sexual encounters. Should sex education be taught in school? Some say that is no longer the question, but rather how should it be taught. Over 93% of all public high schools currently offer courses on sexuality or HIV. More than 510 junior or senior high schools have school-linked health clinics, and more than 300 schools make condoms available on campus. (Sex Education in the Schools) The following is a discussion of the many questions associated with teaching sex education at school. 1. Why do youth need sex education? – The United States has more than double the teenage pregnancy rate of any western industrialized country. More than a million teenagers become pregnant annually. In addition, teenagers have the highest rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) of any age group. In fact, one in four young people contract an STD by the age of 21.(Sex Education in Schools) 2. Why should schools be involved in sex education? – Most parents still avoid the issue. Keeping children ignorant endangers their lives ¡Xespecially for the millions of teens who have already begun having sex. An overwhelming 61% of male high school students and 48% of female high school students fit in this category. (CDC, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Sexual Behavior Among High School Students, What You Should Know About Sexuality Education) 3. If sexuality education is so useful, why are so many teens still having sex and getting pregnant? – It is also the product of the child ¡s environment and experiences that leads them down a certain path. The total responsibility cannot be placed on school education. Here are some tips provided by Planned Parenthood for parents dealing with the issue of sex with their children. (National Family Sexuality Education Month) „h Be open and respectful about your child ¡s questions „h Examine your values about sexuality Here are some scary STDs, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, which teens should be aware of: „ « HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This weakens your immune system, making you susceptible to any other virus or bacterial germ in creation. HIV leads to AIDS, which is fatal and is now the leading cause of death in America with no cure or vaccine available. (Three Scary STDs) HIV is passed through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. „ « CHLAMYDIA- It's called the â€Å"invisible STD† because a large percentage of people who have it don't show symptoms. Chlamydia is bacterial, so it can be treated in its early stages with antibiotics. However, if left untreated, it can leave you sterile. „ « GENITAL WARTS – A type of the Human Papilloma Virus. Some types of this virus cause warts, others show NO symptoms. There are 60 different types altogether. Luckily, there are a number of ways to treat it. However, even with treatment, the warts can always recur. Condoms do offer some protection, but viruses can â€Å"shed† on areas not covered by the condom. (Three Scary STDs)

The Workplace Relations Bill 2014 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3290 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Social Essay Did you like this example? Ireland is currently undergoing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a challenging social and economic climate for families, the employed and the unemployedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[1] The rate of unemployment is still, unfortunately, very high, despite dropping to 11.7% from a peak of 15.1% in 2012.[2] This uneasy atmosphere leads to an increase in litigation, with more and more employees pursuing claims against their employers. Unfortunately, due to the structure of Irish employment law, litigation in this area can often be a costly, lengthy, and inefficient process, for all parties involved. In fact, a survey undertaken by Dr Barry in 2011 shows that 96 out of 103 practitioners believe that the current system is in need of a complete overhaul.[3] The Workplace Relations Bill, 2014 proposes to significantly change the structure of Irish employment law. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Workplace Relations Bill 2014" essay for you Create order Based on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Blueprint to Deliver a World-Class Workplace Relations Serviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (published in April 2012 by the Department of Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation), this Bill, if enacted, will alter the way disputes are resolved between employers and employees in this jurisdiction. The overarching themes of this Bill seem to be about giving priority to speed and simplicity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this reform is very much welcome, especially considering how convoluted Irish employment law has become. While there are an overwhelming amount of positive changes and tweaks in this Bill that will change the resolution of disputes for the better, certain aspects of the Bill could potentially have a negative impact on the system, mostly due to a lack of detail. In order to assess the potential significance of the Bill, it is necessary to first examine its aims. Overall, according Mr Richard Burton, TD, the goal of the Bill is to create a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"world-class workpla ce relations serviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[4] The Explanatory Memorandum states that that the Bill will à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"provide significant benefits for its users and society as a whole. The focus will be on resolving the workplace disputes as quickly and inexpensively as possibleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[5] Merging of Existing Bodies According to Cox, Corbett and Ryan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a key distinguishing feature of Irish employment litigation is the multiplicity of different for a in which claims may be broughtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[6] This is huge problem in the current system, one that is unique to Ireland, for numerous reasons that will be examined below. Currently, there are several bodies that deal with workplace relations. These include the Rights Commissioner Service (LRC), the National Employment Rights Authority (NERA), the Equality Tribunal, and the Employment Appeals Tribunal (EAT). The old system is potentially unfair due to the large number of these bodies, some with simil ar functions, making it easy for employees to become daunted, as it is unclear which of the bodies suit their particular claim. This leads to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"forum shoppingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, which requires legal advice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" yet another cost on top of the litigation. Perhaps even more troubling is the fact that if the claims are directed to the wrong forum, or under the wrong statute, they can become statute-barred before the error of the action is discovered.[7] A good illustration of some of the difficulties multiplicity of fora poses to dispute resolution can be seen in the recent case of Cunningham v Intel Ireland Ltd.[8] This case started out as a discrimination claim against Intel. The litigant in question held a senior role within the company, and claimed that she was discriminated against because of her return from maternity leave. The worker brought an action to the Equality Tribunal (for gender discrimination), as well as a separate action to the High Court (for personal injuries sustained due to her treatment in the workplace). The employer argued the High Court action should dismissed, as it would be unfair to have the same case argued twice. The Courts agreed, citing an old common law rule from the case of Henderson v Henderson,[9] which states that as a matter of public policy, a defendant should not be vexed with having to defend a case in several places. This is extremely harsh, and potentially even infringes on the right to court access. The system is also unfair for employees in the sense that it is possible for several appeals to be heard in a single case, greatly prolonging the proceedings. An extreme example of this can be found in the case of JVC Europe Ltd v Ponisi[10], a case in which an unfair dismissals claim was heard four times, with Mr Ponisi succeeding each time. Mr Justice Charleton referred to this as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"cumbersome and redolent with potential for unfairnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[11] On the other ha nd, from the point of view of the employers, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"employers may often find themselves having to fight a number of fires in different forums all emanating from the same disputeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[12] Overall, the system has been described as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a chaotic and poorly functioning regimeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[13] The Bill, if enacted, will merge all the existing bodies into a single two-tier system, an action that will potentially get rid of a lot of these difficulties. For the first instance claims, the Workplace Relations Commission (WRC) will be established. Appeals will be brought to an expanded version of the Labour Court. This new system is bound to fix a multitude of problems concerning the multiplicity of fora described above, and is a vast improvement over having four different bodies governing decisions in a similar area. In fact, this system has come recommended by many à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" according to a survey undertaken by Dr Barry, 80% of employment law practitioners support the two-tier system.[14] The two-tier system gets rid of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"forum shoppingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ problem for disputes, as it means that there is only one point of access for employment law litigation. The new system also solves the problem of having such a large number of opportunities by appeal by restricting appeals only to the new Labour Court (s.44), with only one more opportunity to appeal to the High Court, but only on a point of law (s.47). This will ensure that all disputes are efficiently dealt with. Labour Court also promises to be efficient due to the new appeal period (42 days, s.44). The only issue is, again, the expanded scope of potential areas of law which will be decided on there. This is a problem, considering the old Labour Court was mostly specialised in industrial relations issues. There is, however, a slight problem in terms of the logistics of merging all these bodies into one. Dr Barry cites NERAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Ann ual Report 2013, which states that at the moment, NERAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Workplace Customer Relations Service processes complaints to the Rights Commissioner Service, the Equality Tribunal, the Employment Appeals Tribunal, and the Labour Court à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this amounts to 15,558 complaints for the year, which is a staggering 43 complaints per day.[15] After the merging of the bodies, this task, which at the moment merely directs complaints to the various bodies, will become much more complex, considering that the complaints must now be directed to the various services between the WRC. If this process does not go smoothly, then there is the potential for workplace disputes to remain just as slow-paced as before. Kevin Duffy, the Labour Court chairman, has recently stated that the changes will à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"present many challengesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, and that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"overall architecture will be differentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, as well as the fact that he anticipates à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a 56% increase in [their] workloadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[16] Dr Barry suggests some practical methods for ensuring a smooth transfer, such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"strategic preparation for case-transferà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, the development of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a proper case management system to include an online portalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, as well as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"proper training of staffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[17] Merging the bodies also alleviates another problem the previous system had, which is a lack of consistency in between the judgments. Some practitioners that participated in Dr Barryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s survey referred to above mentioned that Rights Commissioners à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"seem to forget that they are there to make an unbiased decision on the factsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, and that in the EAT, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"it really is a lottery and almost identical cases go either wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. By merging the bodies into one, it will be easier to maintain an equal standard abo ve the board and make sure that decisions remain consistent. There is also the concern that merging the existing bodies is merely a re-shuffling of existing bodies, meaning that the change might not be as dramatic as it seems on the surface level. Costs The Bill makes no provision as to the possibility of being liable for legal costs. If it is possible for the losing party to be liable for the costs of the winning party, it could prove to be a huge imbalance between the employer and the employee, as due to a lack of funds, an employee may be more apprehensive at attempting to seek justice through the new system. Dr Barry recommends including a liability for costs for vexatious claims, or those with no reasonable prospect of succeeding[18], which is the current method in the UK Employment Tribunals. This will help strike a balance between access to the courts and stopping time-wasting through vexatious claims. Early Dispute Resolution and Mediation One of the key chang es proposed by the Bill is the introduction of early dispute resolution. According to ss.36-40, there will be three new services introduced for resolving disputes in the WRC à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" these will be provided by case resolution officers, mediation officers and adjudicators.[19] The former two will be in charge of facilitating à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the resolution of disputes where possible at an early stage and without recourse to adjudicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[20] This is relevant for less complex disputes, for instance, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"disputes as to whether an employee has receive information on Terms of Employment or a payslipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[21] The WRC Director General can suggest the parties to make use of the Case Resolution Officer or the Mediation Officer, but the parties can reject this suggestion and instead opt for the Adjudication Officer, who will hold a more formal hearing. Dr Barry makes the argument that having two split positions that, for all intents and pur poses, have the same goal, would be wasteful. The positions of Case Resolution Officers and Mediation Officers are indeed quite similar, and differ only in terms of the complexity of the issues that they deal with. This is why he argues for merging of the two positions, basing his arguments on example services that already exist in the UK such as the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Serviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (ACAS) Early Conciliation Service. He also raises the issue with the Adjudication Officers, who will be former Rights Commissioners and Equality Officers from the Equality Tribunal (s.40(3)). The issue is that they may not have enough experience with some of the complexities of other areas of employment law that they will have to examine over the course of their work (s.41(4)), which could lead in some inaccurate judgments. There is also little detail as to how these Officers, with so many responsibilities, will be appointed. Another welcome change is to do with mediat ion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" whereas previously, formal mediation was mostly available to claims under the Employment Equality Acts,[22] the Bill proposes to offer mediation for all employment rights disputes (s.38). Mediation, as well as other forms of Alternate Dispute Resolution, play an increasingly important role in legal matters. It has been stated that it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“offers a means of bringing workplace justice to more people, at lower cost andà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it also helps to clear the backlog of cases at statutory dispute resolution institutions and is thus assisting government agencies to meet their societal responsibilities more effectivelyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[23] This quote demonstrates some of the improvements that employers and employees will receive by the incorporation of mediation into every aspect of employment law. Similar mediation programmes have worked well in other jurisdictions. For instance, in Ontario, due to the mandatory mediation programme, 90% of matters do not end up in court. An even better result is achieved by the New Zealand State Mediation Service. The process consists of assessing whether or not mediation is possible before the case goes to court. A staggering 95% of claims do not end up in court due to this system. Although it would be nave to suggest that the same result will be achieved here as soon as the Bill passes, mediation will undoubtedly have a positive impact on the way disputes are resolved between employers and employees.[24] Under s.42, the Adjudication Officer is able to strike out claims that are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"frivolous or vexatiousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ This is another example of the Bill attempting to speed up the general process of dispute resolution. This could, however, be potentially be unfair, as it denies the litigant the right to a hearing during a dispute[25]. However, the safeguard of being able to appeal this to the Labour Court seems to potentially alleviate some of these concerns. The above prov isions demonstrate that it seems like the Bill will affect dispute resolution in the sense that the disputes will be settled as early as possible, to ensure efficiency and time management for both the WRC and the Labour Court, and the parties involved. As Kevin Duffy said, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I confidently expect that the changes in the Bill, particularly the provisions in respect of mediation and early resolution, will increase the settlement rate and that cases will settle earlier on, and not at the date of the hearing where the resource of the Court are wastedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[26] Privacy Concerns One key change that will come about if the Bill is enacted is the fact that hearings in the WRC will be held in private. Appeals to the Labour Court, on the other hand, will be held in public. This could have a negative impact on the way disputes are resolved between employers and employees, according to Dr Barry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" he argues that if privacy is an issue, a threat of an appeal could be used as a sort of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"bargaining chipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ by one of the parties, making proceedings unfair.[27] There is also, of course, the issue of the argument of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"access to justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" private hearings are always problematic, unless there are exceptional circumstances that demand it (family law in camera proceedings, for instance). According to the Constitution, justice has to be administered in public, except for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"special and limited cases as may be prescribed by lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[28] Also, the European Convention on Human Rights features the right à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[29] An argument could be made comparing this provision to those concerning company law hearings (which can sometimes be held in private). However, in those situations there is a clear provision for when privacy is permitted à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the hearing has to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"involve the disclosure of information the publication of which would be seriously prejudicial to the legitimate interest of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[30] There is no such provision in the Bill, making it more suspect. These private hearings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"could undermine the principle of ensuring public confidence in the justice systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[31] The extensive powers given to the adjudicators by the Bill are bound to leave both the potential litigants and the public in general in doubt of such a system. If there is no trust in the system, then people might be less likely to use it, causing a negative impact on the way employment law disputes are resolved. Another concern in this area was raised by Noel Dowling, a former trade unionist. He argues that there could be issues with the Bill in the context of unfair dismissals. If the hearings are held in private, this could throw the balance of power in favour of the employer.[32] Compliance with Employment Legislation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Prevention is the best cureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, some would say à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this statement is an accurate description behind the philosophy behind some of the sections of the Bill. By promoting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"higher levels of compliance with legislationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢,[33] the bill will be helpful in stopping employment disputes before they begin, saving cost, time and the mental health of participants in the process. Compliance will mostly be enforced by inspectors. Compliance notices are a new feature provided for in the Bill that serves as an example of this. According to s.27 of the Bill, if it is discovered that employment law is not being complied with within the workplace, an Inspector may issue such a notice to the employer. If the notice is not complied with the employer may be prosecuted. To make sure that the balance isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t entirely tippe d against the employer, (s)he will receive a chance to appeal such a notice in the Labour Court. Another way in which the Bill will attempt to ensure compliance is through à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fixed charge noticesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, a particular type of fine for certain employment legislation breaches such as failing to produce wage statements to employees, or for failing to provide employees with a written statement of their hourly rate of pay for a pay reference period (s.35). These fines can reach up to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2,000. Such a fine may be appealed to the District Court. The purpose of this is to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reduce the need to rely on expensive and time consuming prosecution procedures for the scheduled acts of non-complianceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[34] Conclusion The aims of the Workplace Relations Bill, 2014 are noble. It is fair to say that employment law, in Ireland in particular, has become extremely complex and daunting for potential litigants à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the fa ct that it is often a costly and lengthy process just solidifies the fact that reform is needed. The Billà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goal of increasing efficiency, through merging several existing bodies into a single two-tier system, coupled with a focus on early dispute resolution, are bound to make resolving disputes between employers and employees a lot easier and stress-free. There are still, however, some concerns with regards to the lack of detail in the Bill, which might be problematic in terms of logistics. This could undermine some of the lofty goal the Bill sets out to achieve. Also, the lack of open hearings, as well as the powers given to the adjudicators could throw the balance of power in favour of one party over the other, making the dispute resolution unfair. Of course, it is very possible that some of these concerns will be alleviated through future amendments to the Bill. Overall, the Bill is a positive step in terms of simplifying employment law. If certain amendme nts and clarifications are made, it will have a significant positive impact on the way disputes between employers and employees are resolved. [1] Labour Relations Commission, Annual Report (2013). [2] Ibid. [3] Dr Brian Barry, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Workplace Relations Bill 2014 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" An Important Opportunity for Workplace Relations Reformà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2014) IELJ 11(4). [4] Legislating for a World-Class Workplace Relations Service: Submission to Oireachtas Committee on Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation (July 2012). [5] Workplace Relations Bill, 2014, Explanatory Memorandum. [6] Neville Cox, Val Corbett and Des Ryan, Employment Law in Ireland (Clarus Press 2009). [7] Legislating for a World-Class Workplace Relations Service: Submission to Oireachtas Committee on Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation (July 2012). [8] [2013] IEHC 207. [9] (1843) 3 Hare 100, [1843] EngR 917, (1843) 67 ER 313. [10][2011] IEHC 279. [11] Ibid. [12] Brian Hutchinson, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Editorialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2014) Commercial Law Practitioner, 8, 174. [13] Tom Mallon, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Employment Law Re formà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2012) IELJ 3, 76-80. [14] Dr Brian Barry, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Workplace Relations Bill 2014 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" An Important Opportunity for Workplace Relations Reformà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2014) IELJ 11(4). [15] Ibid [16] Kyran Fitzgerald and Andy Prendergast, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Changes to Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Dispute Resolution Bodies to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Profound and Revolutionaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2014) IRN 42. [17] Dr Brian Barry, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Workplace Relations Bill 2014 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" An Important Opportunity for Workplace Relations Reformà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2014) IELJ 11(4). [18] Ibid. [19] Workplace Relations Bill, 2014, ss.36-40. [20] Ibid. [21] Workplace Relations Bill, 2014, Explanatory Memorandum. [22] Employment Equality Acts 1998-2008, s.78. [23] Hanneli Bendeman, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ADR in the Workplace à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The South African Experienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2007) African Jon Conflic t Journal 7(139). [24] Dr Barry, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Workplace Relations Bill 2014 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Reforming Employment Dispute Resolution in Irelandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" TCD Lecture. [25] Lyons v Financial Services Ombudsman [2011] IEHC 422. [26] Kyran Fitzgerald and Andy Prendergast, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Changes to Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Dispute Resolution Bodies to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Profound and Revolutionaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2014) IRN 42. [27] Dr Brian Barry, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Workplace Relations Bill 2014 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" An Important Opportunity for Workplace Relations Reformà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2014) IELJ 11(4). [28] The Constitution of Ireland, Art.34.1 °. [29] European Convention on Human Rights, Art.6(1). [30] Companies Acts (1963-2008), s.205(7). [31] Claire Bruton, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Editorialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2014) IELJ 11(4). [32] Noel Dowling, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Unfair Dismissals Powers That Be Set to Squeeze the Little Person?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2014) IRN 37, 22-23. [33] Workplace Relations Bill, 2014, Explanatory Memorandum. [34] Workplace Relations Bill, 2014, Explanatory Memorandum.